Pleuran

Pleuran, the beta-glucan from P. eryngii cell walls, is recognized by multiple innate immune receptors: Dectin-1 (primary receptor on macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), Dectin-2, TLR-2, and complement receptor 3 (CR3). Dectin-1 binding activates Syk kinase, which triggers the CARD9/Bcl-10/MALT1 signalosome complex, converging on NF-κB pathway activation. This cascade increases production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, enhances T-cell activation and proliferation, promotes B-cell differentiation, activates NK cell cytotoxicity, increases CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proportions, and enhances macrophage phagocytic capacity. Pleuran also modulates gut microbiota composition, potentially contributing to systemic immune and metabolic benefits through the gut-immune axis.