Pachyman

Pachyman activates innate immunity through two primary signaling pathways: (1) TLR4/MD2/NF-κB pathway — binding to Toll-like receptor 4 and co-receptor MD2 activates NF-κB transcription factor, promoting M1-type macrophage polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion; (2) Ca²⁺/PKC/p38/NF-κB pathway — increases intracellular calcium, activates protein kinase C, phosphorylates p38 MAPK, converging on NF-κB. Downstream effects include increased nitric oxide (NO) production via iNOS upregulation, enhanced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β secretion, elevated CD86 co-stimulatory molecule expression, and enhanced phagocytic capacity. Carboxymethylated derivatives with triple helical structure show enhanced potency.