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The long-chain fatty acid ester fraction is selectively extracted by alcohol solvents and is absent or greatly reduced in aqueous preparations. Preclinical work from the University of São Paulo suggests this fraction contributes to the nerve-trophic and anti-fatigue effects observed in animal swim tests. No isolate-specific human clinical data exist; efficacy evidence is inferred from whole extract studies.
Representative pattern: C₄H₂NO
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