Hispolon

In vitro studies in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages demonstrated dose-dependent suppression of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by P. baumii hispolon-enriched extracts. Network pharmacology studies published in 2023 (PMC) elucidated binding of hispolon and osmundacetone to CASP3, PARP1, and TP53 as core anti-colon-cancer targets. MTT assays confirmed dose-dependent suppression of HepG2 liver cancer cell proliferation with cell-cycle arrest at S phase. All evidence is preclinical.

Chen et al. (2013) demonstrated that hispolon induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells (AGS line) via ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway activation with IC50 values of 15–25 μM. Huang et al. (2011) showed hispolon inhibited breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) proliferation and migration by suppressing NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression. Jang et al. (2016) found hispolon sensitized multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux pump expression. All studies are in vitro or animal; no human clinical trials with isolated hispolon have been published.