Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP / beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucans)

GLP activates innate immune cells by binding to pattern recognition receptors — primarily Dectin-1, TLR-2, and complement receptor 3 (CR3) — on macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. This triggers downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling, upregulating production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. GLP also enhances NK cell cytotoxicity and promotes dendritic cell maturation, bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. The polysaccharide fraction Ganoderan B demonstrates significant hypoglycemic activity via enhanced hepatic glucose utilization and increased plasma insulin levels.