Flammulin

In vitro / Animal

Mechanism of Action

Flammulin is a 13 kDa homodimeric fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) that binds to T cell surface receptors, stimulating IL-2 production and promoting T cell proliferation. It acts as a T cell mitogen, enhancing both CD4+ helper T cell activation and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell expansion. Flammulin also upregulates IFN-γ and TNF-α production by activated T cells, promoting Th1-biased immune responses. The protein contains a fibronectin type III-like domain that may mediate cell-surface binding.

Research Notes

Enoki (Medicinal)Mushroom

Ko et al. (1995) cloned and characterized flammulin as a member of the fungal immunomodulatory protein family, demonstrating T cell mitogenic activity comparable to ConA. Subsequent studies confirmed hemagglutinating activity and dose-dependent lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Animal studies showed enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Evidence remains primarily in vitro and in early animal models.

Found In 1 Herb

Enoki (Medicinal)

Mushroom

3D Molecular Structure

Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP)

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Flammulin

Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP)Bioactive phytochemical with therapeutic properties

Representative pattern: C₄H₂NO

Atoms

Carbon

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Live Research

Open on PubMed

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