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Flammulin
In vitro / AnimalMechanism of Action
Flammulin is a 13 kDa homodimeric fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) that binds to T cell surface receptors, stimulating IL-2 production and promoting T cell proliferation. It acts as a T cell mitogen, enhancing both CD4+ helper T cell activation and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell expansion. Flammulin also upregulates IFN-γ and TNF-α production by activated T cells, promoting Th1-biased immune responses. The protein contains a fibronectin type III-like domain that may mediate cell-surface binding.
Research Notes
Enoki (Medicinal)Mushroom
Ko et al. (1995) cloned and characterized flammulin as a member of the fungal immunomodulatory protein family, demonstrating T cell mitogenic activity comparable to ConA. Subsequent studies confirmed hemagglutinating activity and dose-dependent lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Animal studies showed enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Evidence remains primarily in vitro and in early animal models.
Found In 1 Herb
3D Molecular Structure
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP)
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Flammulin
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP)Bioactive phytochemical with therapeutic properties
Representative pattern: C₄H₂NO
Atoms
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Live Research
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